THE GENETIC HERITAGE OF RSFG BĂNEASA: PAST AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Fruit breeding in Romania began with the selection of local genotypes, laying the foundation for systematic breeding programs. A major milestone was achieved in 1949 when Nicolae Constantinescu and Profirie Popa initiated the first peach breeding program at the Research and Development Station for Fruit Growing Băneasa (RSFG Băneasa). Since then, it has remained a leading institution, with notable contributions from Viorica Bălan in apricot breeding and Antonia Ivașcu in peach breeding, enhancing fruit quality, adaptability, and resilience. To expand genetic diversity, RSFG Băneasa integrated germplasm from China, Italy, Spain, and the U.S., focusing on disease resistance, fruit quality, and climatic adaptability. The achievements include disease-resistant selections, flat peaches and dwarf varieties, and cultivars for industrial processing. Looking ahead, fruit breeding must remain a priority, particularly in addressing climate change. Key objectives include conserving genetic diversity and using marker-assisted selection (MAS) to develop varieties resilient to late frosts, drought, and extreme temperatures, phenomena that are increasingly affecting Romanian orchards. Expanding the genetic base through global germplasm integration will be essential for strengthening resistance to diseases, pests, and environmental stressors. Advancements in molecular genetics, digitalization, and mechanization are transforming breeding programs. Identifying molecular markers improves resistance breeding, while systematic data collection and automation optimize orchard management. Despite land and financial constraints, RSFG Băneasa remains a key player in conserving native genetic resources and fruit breeding research. Continued investment in innovation is vital for developing new varieties and ensuring the long-term viability of Romania’s fruit sector.